The size of the fine recalls memories of a bitter dispute between General Motors and Volkswagen in the 90s, when the former accused the latter of industrial espionage. Jose Ignacio Lopez de Arriortua, head of purchasing for GM, defected to VW in 1993, allegedly with more than 20 boxes of documents on research, manufacturing and sales! (If he had waited a few yesars he could have taken it out on a flash stick!!)
Much of the allegedly pilfered data involved blueprints for a super-efficient assembly plant--a factory that GM believed would topple VW's dominance of the small-car market in emerging markets of Eastern Europe, China and elsewhere.
The world's largest international corporate espionage case officially ended in 1997, when VW admitted no wrongdoing but settled the civil suit by agreeing to pay GM $100 million in cash and spend $1 billion on GM parts over seven years.